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RM2CNCE1H–. Bell telephone magazine . shouldwithstand the rough and varied usageof modern warfare. * See Magazine: Electric Brain, Winter1943-44; Bell Laboratories in the War,Winter 1944-45; Radar and Bell Laboratories,Winter 1945-46. Noise is one of the chief obstacleswhich has to be overcome in devisinginstruments suitable for the ArmedForces. Another consideration isthat of varying climatic conditions.Still another is the occurrence of rapidtemperature and pressure changes—as with a plane rising or descendingsharply. Instruments must be de-signed, therefore, to operate over anextremely wide range of
RM2CRWFJH–. Bell telephone magazine . k left Bell Laboratories in 1938 toreturn to Western Electric as commercialmanager; and in 1942 he was elected vicepresident and was appointed manager ofthe Radio Division. At the Governmentsinvitation, he served for some months dur-ing 1942 and 1943 as director of the Armyand Navy Electronic Production Agency. In the past five years this Magazine hasrecorded some of the many ways throughwhich the Bell System contributed to thiscountrys share in victory over the AxisPowers. The contributions were majorand the effort was extreme—as witness, forexample, this issues ar
RM2CRXBX6–. Bell telephone magazine . stern Elec- modest requirements. Military Uses Bell Laboratories activity intransistors is primarily in two direc-tions: to serve the needs of the Bell trie Company. To expedite the availability of in-formation, there was held at theMurray Hill laboratory in September1951, with the cooperation of theMilitary Services, a week-long sym-posium on the characteristics and ap-System and to contribute to the mili- plications of the transistor. Sometary strength of the country. It was 300 engineers from our own and Western Europeancountries attended.Thirty-five papers bymem
RM2CRWF41–. Bell telephone magazine . 0. Large quantities of Bell Labora-tories developments were supplied bymany other manufacturers. The re-quirements for some types were solarge that it was necessary for theServices to obtain production fromseveral manufacturers. In the caseof an intermediate-frequency ampli-fier tube—the 6AK5—there werefive suppliers in addition to Western.Bell Laboratories electronics de-velopments covered the wave bandfrom 40 centimeters to i centimeterand every radar electronic functionexcept display. The cathode-raytubes used in the video system to dis-play the radar pictures we
RM2CNC5R4–. Bell telephone magazine . personnel is in computer program-ing. A special three year course for pro-gram design trainees was created in 1962to help meet the need for men andwomen with computer talents. ■ Because of the Bell Systems ratherspecial problems of size and com-plexity. Bell Laboratories has often hadto invent its own kinds of specialists tomeet its needs. It has been a valuableseedbed for new disciplines in appliedtechnology. Specialties like electronics ofthe solid state that were born at BellLaboratories have been put to use bymany other industrial and governmentorganizations. Th
RM2CRWF2D–. Bell telephone magazine . New technology demands new manufacturing methods: We dont stamp out metal parts now-we make precision photo masks for integrated circuits.. 19 members of Bell Laboratories technical staff. Our job is to determine if the design of a newdevice will be amenable to manufacture, says Mr.Whitner. Then we send specific suggestions formanufacturing methods to the Pilot Line. The engi-neers in the Pilot Line develop the ideas, design anddevelop the production equipment, and debug it. Kermit Kalna, department chief. Bell IntegratedCircuits, oversees the operation of the Pilot
RM2CRWF3D–. Bell telephone magazine . 23 Working interface between Bell Laboratories and WE: on the design capability line at Allentown — the step between design and pilot line — Western development engineer Robert Whitner, left, and Bell Laboratories Paul Perron determine if newly designed products will be amenable to manufacture. Today its beam lead integrated circuits, says Mr. Perron. Tomorrow it may be something else, requiring different materials, different methods and equipment. Whatever it is, it will require continuous coordination between research and manufacturing.. 24 by change. They thrive
RM2CRWB79–. Bell telephone magazine . Compos/fc s((// /ro/71 computer movie made Jl Bell Li/xir.ifor/esrepresents ,i coiiimunications satellite matting one orliit of theearth. This helps scientists design attitude control systems. 14 ate their importance in communicating visually,whatever the content of the film. 1 think that anyscientist using the computer to make movies canprofit from the seasoned film makers knowledge andexperience. While these men — Noll, Julesz, Knowlton, andothers at Bell Laboratories — in the course of theirresearch have produced computer-generated imagesof artistic merit and int
RM2CNC204–. Bell telephone magazine . Master control of No. 1ESS office. Teletype-writer at left is meansof communication withand from the equipment.. on ESS ready, they were out of date, sowe would submit interim reports. To make ESS competitive with theestablished No. 5 crossbar in terms ofcost for switching offices, the Bell Lab-oratories development group continuallysought less expensive hardware—transis-tors, diodes and memories. Western Elec-tric and Bell Laboratories engineersworked hand-in-glove to get the mosteconomical designs. By eaily 1963, ESS was close enoughto the cost of No. 5 crossbar t
RM2CNCETG–. Bell telephone magazine . le. 1956-1963 —Bell Laboratories devised a systemplan, developed and tested an automatically switched,experimental system between two Bell Laboratorieslocations, 25 miles apart. 1963—Reports were received from Italy and Japanof slow-scan video-telephone experiments. Russiareported a public video-telephone service usingregular TV network facilities during nonbroadcasthours. 1983-Pye Telecommunications, Ltd. exhibited atelevision telephone at the Business Efficiency Ex- hibition held in London. The set included a 19screen, a loudspeaker and a miniature televisioncamer
![. Bell telephone magazine . 43 Comniunications history nosnuule in this modest-sized build-ing in Siiccasunna, N. J., whenBell Systems first central officeof]erini> I-!SS on a commercialhasis was put into operation. Attending ESS dedication cere-monies were left to right: E.Ilornshy Wasxon. then presidentof New Jersey Bell; Frederick R.Kappel, A.T.&T. hoard chair-man; Paid A. Gorman, president ofWestern Electric Co., Dr. JamesB. Fisk, president of Bell Tele-phone Laboratories and Richard J.Hughes, Governor of New Jersey.. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2CRXG6D/bell-telephone-magazine-43-comniunications-history-nosnuule-in-this-modest-sized-build-ing-in-siiccasunna-n-j-whenbell-systems-first-central-officeof-erinigt-i-!ss-on-a-commercialhasis-was-put-into-operation-attending-ess-dedication-cere-monies-were-left-to-right-eilornshy-wasxon-then-presidentof-new-jersey-bell-frederick-rkappel-att-hoard-chair-man-paid-a-gorman-president-ofwestern-electric-co-dr-jamesb-fisk-president-of-bell-tele-phone-laboratories-and-richard-jhughes-governor-of-new-jersey-2CRXG6D.jpg ". Bell telephone magazine . 43 Comniunications history nosnuule in this modest-sized build-ing in Siiccasunna, N. J., whenBell Systems first central officeof]erini> I-!SS on a commercialhasis was put into operation. Attending ESS dedication cere-monies were left to right: E.Ilornshy Wasxon. then presidentof New Jersey Bell; Frederick R.Kappel, A.T.&T. hoard chair-man; Paid A. Gorman, president ofWestern Electric Co., Dr. JamesB. Fisk, president of Bell Tele-phone Laboratories and Richard J.Hughes, Governor of New Jersey.. Stock Photo")
RM2CRXG6D–. Bell telephone magazine . 43 Comniunications history nosnuule in this modest-sized build-ing in Siiccasunna, N. J., whenBell Systems first central officeof]erini> I-!SS on a commercialhasis was put into operation. Attending ESS dedication cere-monies were left to right: E.Ilornshy Wasxon. then presidentof New Jersey Bell; Frederick R.Kappel, A.T.&T. hoard chair-man; Paid A. Gorman, president ofWestern Electric Co., Dr. JamesB. Fisk, president of Bell Tele-phone Laboratories and Richard J.Hughes, Governor of New Jersey..
![. Bell telephone magazine . 43 Comniunications history nosnuule in this modest-sized build-ing in Siiccasunna, N. J., whenBell Systems first central officeof]erini> I-!SS on a commercialhasis was put into operation. Attending ESS dedication cere-monies were left to right: E.Ilornshy Wasxon. then presidentof New Jersey Bell; Frederick R.Kappel, A.T.&T. hoard chair-man; Paid A. Gorman, president ofWestern Electric Co., Dr. JamesB. Fisk, president of Bell Tele-phone Laboratories and Richard J.Hughes, Governor of New Jersey. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2CRXG64/bell-telephone-magazine-43-comniunications-history-nosnuule-in-this-modest-sized-build-ing-in-siiccasunna-n-j-whenbell-systems-first-central-officeof-erinigt-i-!ss-on-a-commercialhasis-was-put-into-operation-attending-ess-dedication-cere-monies-were-left-to-right-eilornshy-wasxon-then-presidentof-new-jersey-bell-frederick-rkappel-att-hoard-chair-man-paid-a-gorman-president-ofwestern-electric-co-dr-jamesb-fisk-president-of-bell-tele-phone-laboratories-and-richard-jhughes-governor-of-new-jersey-2CRXG64.jpg ". Bell telephone magazine . 43 Comniunications history nosnuule in this modest-sized build-ing in Siiccasunna, N. J., whenBell Systems first central officeof]erini> I-!SS on a commercialhasis was put into operation. Attending ESS dedication cere-monies were left to right: E.Ilornshy Wasxon. then presidentof New Jersey Bell; Frederick R.Kappel, A.T.&T. hoard chair-man; Paid A. Gorman, president ofWestern Electric Co., Dr. JamesB. Fisk, president of Bell Tele-phone Laboratories and Richard J.Hughes, Governor of New Jersey. Stock Photo")
RM2CRXG64–. Bell telephone magazine . 43 Comniunications history nosnuule in this modest-sized build-ing in Siiccasunna, N. J., whenBell Systems first central officeof]erini> I-!SS on a commercialhasis was put into operation. Attending ESS dedication cere-monies were left to right: E.Ilornshy Wasxon. then presidentof New Jersey Bell; Frederick R.Kappel, A.T.&T. hoard chair-man; Paid A. Gorman, president ofWestern Electric Co., Dr. JamesB. Fisk, president of Bell Tele-phone Laboratories and Richard J.Hughes, Governor of New Jersey.
RM2CNJ3P1–. Bell telephone magazine . Above: An automatic message accountingcenter in Newark, N. J. Right: An ex-perimental lavout of AMA equipment inthe Bell Laboratories 1951-52 Post-fVar Achievements of Bell Laboratories 229 Right: Part of the equipment in a No. 5 crossbar dial office. Below: Examining a card report punched by a trouble recorder in a crossbar dial office. 1950 there were 32 office installationsand 4 accounting centers servingnearly half a million customers. It isnow used only to keep account of traf-fic dialed bv customers. The systemis a very flexible one, however, andcan readily be
RM2CRXCGD–. Bell telephone magazine . Q f//r^X Twenty-five Years Ago in the Bell TelephoneQuarterly: Volume VII, Number 2. A. T. ^ T. officials at an A. I. E. E. session in New York on February i6, 1^28,held jointly with a session of the British Institution of Electrical Engineers in Londonby radio telephone. Left to rights seated: H. P. Charlesworth, Plant Engineer; J. J.Carty, Vice President; F. B. jewett. Vice President, President of Bell Laboratories;standing—K. W. Waterson^, Assistant Vice President; 0. B. Blackwell, Trans?nissionDevelopment Engineer; Bancroft Gherardi, Vice President and Chief En
RM2CRTR3X–. Bell telephone magazine . Information DepartmentAMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY New York 7, N. Y. PRINTKD IN U. S. A. BELL TELEPHONE MAGAZINE VOLUME XXVI, 1947TABLE OF CONTENTS SPRING, 1947 The Teacher, by A. M. Sullivan 3 A Tribute to Alexander Graham Bell, by Walter S. Gifford 4 Mr. Bell and Bell Laboratories, by Oliver E. Buckley 6 Two Men and a Piece of Wire—and faith 12 The Pioneers and the First Pioneer 21 The Bell Centennial in the Press 25 Helen Keller and Dr. Bell 29 The First Twenty-Five Years, by The Editors 30 America Is Calling, by IVilliani G. Thompson 35 Preparing His
RM2CNCA74–. Bell telephone magazine . 1946 Bell Laboratories Role in Victory 121. When mica was selected on the basis of electrical tests {above) ^ rather than of appearance^ much more was found to be usable. Right: A Western Electric workeradjusts silvered mica capacitors
RM2CNCG2H–. Bell telephone magazine . MAGAZINE MM. Finding Out What People Think of Us • Arthur H. Richardson and C. Theodore Sroth Three-Minute Furloughs • Harold A. White Bell Laboratories^ R6le in Victory • Philip C. Jones Western Electric Experts with the Armed Forces • J. Stedman Ward
RM2CNBYC0–. Bell telephone magazine . engineering theplant of the Operating Companies.Engineers of the Bell Laboratories,Western Electric Company, and the Operation and Engineering Depart-ment of the A. T. & T. Co., have thismatter of uniformity constantly be-fore them, and contribute In largemeasure to the establishment of uni-form practices. The engineers of the OperatingCompanies are kept advised of theresults of the work of these organiza-tions. They in their turn make suchrecommendations as seem appropri-ate to the executives of the Com-panies who have the responsibility ofapproving vast expenditur
RM2CRX4T2–. Bell telephone magazine . pecially designed facilities. The aircraft warning system, as itexists today, might almost be said tobe a joint achievement of the ArmyAir Force Interceptor Commands andthe Bell System. The leadership isthe Armys, obviously. Working withthe Interceptor Commands, executingand also contributing during trials, tests, and maneuvers, have been theBell Telephone Laboratories, whichhave designed and adapted circuitsand equipment for special purposes;the Western Electric Company, whichmakes what the Laboratories design;the Systems operating telephone com-panies, and indepen
RM2CRWB60–. Bell telephone magazine . e to change the movements of the dan-cers and hear the differences in sound — give him thepossibility of altering his original idea. Although he thinks of himself specifically as anengineer, in connection with Nine Evenings Mr.Schroeder foresees a more intimate interaction be-tween art and engineering in the future. I think it isquite conceivable, he says, that we will have mixedpersonalities here, that artists in these fields willemerge from the engineering profession. Another of the people at Bell Laboratories who hasbeen actively engaged in collaboration with art
RM2CRWDTT–. Bell telephone magazine . I ^S0 Hfl 5SB^ mm Odd associates: a neat cottage aiul a battleships tire-control turret. They wereamong the structures which housed Bell Laboratories radar research Radar Development Bell Telephone Laboratoriesand the NDRC Radiation Labora-tory at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology shared leadership in ra-dar research and development. Ap- proximately half of Bell Laborato-ries research effort during the warwas devoted to radar and its contri-butions exceeded those of all otherindustrial laboratories combined.
RM2CNCEK7–. Bell telephone magazine . isionTransmission Over Communications Lines April 7, 1927-The first public demonstration inthe United States of the transmission of televisionover telephone facilities took place at Bell Tele-phone Laboratories, New York City, between WalterS. Gifford. president of American Telephone andTelegraph Company, and Secretary of CommerceHerbert Hoover in Washington, D.C. At that timeMr. Giffords remarks included the following: Theprinciples underlying television, which are relatedto the principles involved in electrical transmissionof speech, have been known for a long tim
RM2CNCKBK–. Bell telephone magazine . h the very fundamentals of speechand hearing and the physics and chem- 1944-45 Bell Laboratories in the War 22^ istry of the various elements that market. It calls for study from the make up the complex telephone plant, users point of view and takes into ac- It combines knowledge gained from count the cost of maintenance and the fundamental research with intimate value of continuity of service quite as knowledge of performance require- much as first costs. In this process, ments in the design of instruments, too, we consider a piece of telephone apparatus, and equip
RM2CNC5WN–. Bell telephone magazine . says. While judgment of the relative im-portance of scientific contributions is subjective at best (until that judgmentis sharpened by hindsight), there is nodoubt that the scientific community atlarge considers Bell Laboratories a topsource of new scientific knowledge. Bellscientists and engineers are major con-tributors of papers published in thelearned technical journals. The connection between an article inthe Physical Review Letters and bettertelephone service is not at all tenuous.Research in the physics of solids led tothe transistor and better amplifiers. Su
RM2CNC5R8–. Bell telephone magazine . large chunks of science and engineeringpractice have been built. Single sidebandtransmission of electronic signals, whichpermits more information to be carriedon a communication channel, is a case inpoint. So is the idea of negative feedbackin amplifiers, a concept of Harold S.Black, which permits signals to be am-plified many times without significantdistortion. Without negative feedback,high fidelity reproduction of sound wouldbe difficult, and long distance telephonywould have been virtually impossible.Bell Laboratories has figuratively writtenthe books on switch
RM2CNCFXK–. Bell telephone magazine . isionTransmission Over Communications Lines April 7, 1927-The first public demonstration inthe United States of the transmission of televisionover telephone facilities took place at Bell Tele-phone Laboratories, New York City, between WalterS. Gifford. president of American Telephone andTelegraph Company, and Secretary of CommerceHerbert Hoover in Washington, D.C. At that timeMr. Giffords remarks included the following: Theprinciples underlying television, which are relatedto the principles involved in electrical transmissionof speech, have been known for a long tim
RM2CNC3YW–. Bell telephone magazine . was to have full access to the technical and industrial know-how of theentire Bell System, particularly BellTelephone Laboratories. Component Development An important part of Sandias respon-sibility in nuclear weapons is that ofcomponent development. The availabilityof suitable components frequently setsthe time schedules of the developmentprogram on a particular weapon. Activityin this area is maintained on a high levelin two broad categories—providing com-ponents for scheduled weapon programsand anticipating the component needs offuture weapons. Many devices and c
RM2CNC2HY–. Bell telephone magazine . BELL LABORATORIES BIGGEST JOB translation. The customers telephoneline no longer needs to be connected tospecific physical terminals in the switch-ing network. The common control equip-ment can translate the telephone num-bers into an arbitrary terminal number.It can also translate the dialed digits toprovide alternate connecting paths withinthe central office or between central of-fices-—something step-by-step switchingcannot do. These two concepts—common controland translation—have made it possibleto make major advances in nationwideand worldwide direct distance d
RM2CNC2H8–. Bell telephone magazine . lusion in practice form ini-tially of much of the material now cov-ered in general letters. 5. Changes in organization, number-ing plan, and indexing of the Prac-tices. mittee recommended certain steps asa means of making the Practicesmore useful to the Companies. Theseare given in the adjacent box. Organization of ^PracticeWriting Groups Active work to carry out the JointCommittees recommendations beganIn the middle of 1951. The Prac-TiCE-writing activity at the Bell Tele-phone Laboratories was substantiallyincreased. To expedite the work, 15people from the Operati
RM2CNCJPY–. Bell telephone magazine . damental research pro-gram of the Rubber Administration,and means were developed in theLaboratories for measuring the de-gree of polymerization of synthetic 1944-45 Bell Laboratories in the War 237 rubbers. In electrical ceramics, ad-vances were made far beyond any-thing previously achieved, and as withother improved materials of our de-velopment the benefits appeared inothers products as well as our own. Except for certain parts of thework on war projects which promiseto have post-war telephone applica-tion, our war projects have been han- available to them opinion
RM2CRWM7J–. Bell telephone magazine . dimensionalspace. Experiments at Bell Laboratories include gen-eration of both two- and three-dimensional picturesin the form of both stills and movies. The three-dimensional effect is seen by viewing two slightly off-set images through polarized glasses. The forms orfigures generated by the computer can be moved,rotated, expanded, reduced and the apparent viewingangle changed so that the forms on the screen canbe seen from any position. Visual research using com-puters and display devices has demonstrated thatstereoscopic depth perception is a simpler processthan w
RM2CRWFK3–. Bell telephone magazine . t was to complete its as-sembly and tuning up at Whip-pany, then to make performance testsand adjustments at the Highlandstest house. When the equipment wasfound to meet the Navys perform-ance requirements, it was taken tothe Naval Research Laboratory forfinal evaluation. Successful performance tests of thenew equipment were made here inJune, 1939. At that time sharp andstable echo signals were obtainedfrom nearby ships, from buildings on 1945-46 Radar and Bell Laboratories 229 Sandy Hook, and from gas tanks inBrooklyn—some twenty miles dis-tant. Testing and improve
RM2CRWF2N–. Bell telephone magazine . successful 40-centimeter model.The availability of peak pulse powerof at least 100 kilowatts was indi-cated by these tests. If the introduction of higher powerinto the Mark 3 and Mark 4 radarswas to be accomplished with minimumdelay, the power had to be limitedto 50 kilowatts—25 times that avail-able from the recently developed vac-uum tube generators. Fifty kilowattswere adequate to insure that theseequipments would have ranges wellin excess of the firing range of the 1945-46 Radar ayid Bell Laboratories ^ZZ guns they were to control. So amagnetron for this power o
RM2CNCK9W–. Bell telephone magazine . ngesin many other military fields, and it is part of this work was in the field ofradio communication for the militaryServices. As the Services beganpreparations for a possible conflict,their demands on us especially forradio grew, until by the time of PearlHarbor 30 per cent of the entire ac-tivity of the Laboratories was on be-half of government war agencies. 1944-45 Bell Laboratories in the War 231 With the countrys entry into the war,this effort expanded rapidly, until ourefforts were soon almost wholly de-voted to those problems where itseemed we could best pla
RM2CRWEEM–. Bell telephone magazine . and engineers of them were concerned with radar lent to the Laboratories by Associ- systems. There were nearly 60,000 ated Companies of the Bell System, pages of text for all books and man- and during the maximum enrollment uals, and more than 17,000 illustra- numbered about 75. The school oc- tions. In that vear the Laboratories cupied a number of lecture, labora- became the countrys largest pub-lisher of new books. School for War Training In a manner similar to its prepara-tion of manuals and books, the Lab-oratories segregated all of its in-struction activities f
RM2CRXAFM–. Bell telephone magazine . Literally a Laboratory ix the Air: the Interior of the Ford Plane Durixo Early Tests (in1929), Showing the Laboratories First Modern Receiver and Transmitter in Operation in theForeground, While Measurements of Field Strength of the Associated Ground Station Are inProgress Beyond. The Pilot and Co-Pilot Are Just isible at the Controls.. The Bell Laboratories Tri-mhi ui.i m 1-ii(, L i;(ikaii)k M SxuDits Over tw York City. A I I Km i 1 I I IIInC
RM2CRWF43–. Bell telephone magazine . S in their bombings ofthe Japanese home islands. Most ofthe damage done by the B-29 raidswas by bombs directed by these radarequipments. The Laboratories radar bombing against individual targets were equalto those of optical bombing undergood visibility. From some view-points this was a greater technical ac-complishment than that of our accur-ate fire control radars. The radarbombing equipment not only had thesame objectives of high precision asdid the fire-control radars; it also had 1945-46 Radar and Bell Laboratories 243 to meet the severe weight and sizelimitati
RM2CNCK9M–. Bell telephone magazine . ment of techniques and instrumentsfor precision measurement. One of the most important ele-ments of undersea warfare is under-water sound, since radio is ruled outby the conductivity of sea water. Atthe beginning of our attack on prob-lems of underwater sound, we under-took to develop methods of measure-ment. Automatic means for measur-ing the performance of underwatergenerators and receivers of soundwere developed to the point that inthe course of a few minutes tiie re- 1944-^45 Bell Laboratories in the War ^-2>^ sponse of a device could be deter-mined with a hi
RM2CRWDRX–. Bell telephone magazine . I ^S0 Hfl 5SB^ mm Odd associates: a neat cottage aiul a battleships tire-control turret. They wereamong the structures which housed Bell Laboratories radar research Radar Development Bell Telephone Laboratoriesand the NDRC Radiation Labora-tory at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology shared leadership in ra-dar research and development. Ap- proximately half of Bell Laborato-ries research effort during the warwas devoted to radar and its contri-butions exceeded those of all otherindustrial laboratories combined.. LvsiDE THIS weather box, radar developments coul
RM2CRWD6T–. Bell telephone magazine . ort wave and one long wave two-way circuitsbetween New York and London. Two new projects are ac-tively under way. One, the establishment of a fifth two-wayradio circuit which will be long wave, and the other a sub-marine telephone cable; this latter being made possible byrecent developments in cable construction, including improvedinsulating and loading materials developed by the Bell Tele-phone Laboratories. These additional channels will increaseboth the speed and reliability of service on this importantroute. There is now under way the establishment of a radio te
RM2CNCCMH–. Bell telephone magazine . degree yetthoroughly stable. Moreover, theycould not be rough diamonds; the jobcalled for men who were articulateand agreeable. On the whole, be-coming a field engineer was hardly amatter of following the line of leastresistance for these men, most ofthem family heads in their 30s andearly 40s. Into this rather high-voltage oc-cupation came 132 men directly from 66 Bell Telephone Magazine SPRING within the Bell System—22 per centof the total group. Only the radioindustry contributed a slightly largernumber. There were, of course, menfrom the Bell Laboratories, fromL
RM2CRXE72–. Bell telephone magazine . i oizi^ieer at the Laboratories makinz ad- justments on an experimental electronic memory tube 1953 Long-Range Planning 15. Close coordination and cooperative effort amofig the various depaiimoits, ajid amongthe telephone companies themselves^ are essential to make long-range planning effective will have newer and better objectiveswhich will result in giving the cus-tomer more and better service.Meanwhile, since it is continent-widein scope, all of the Bell System com-panies and all of the Independent tele-phone companies in the United Statesand Canada will ultimate
RM2CRWFK1–. Bell telephone magazine . wer cost In lives andmaterial. Radar attained this high level ofImportance to victory because ourcountry concentrated on it a giganticeffort in research, development, de-sign, and production. In 1940 less 1945-46 Radar and Bell Laboratories 223 than $25,000,000 was expended ontechnical and production effort forradar. Radar effort in all its phasesexpanded rapidly throughout the war,and in 1945 was at an annual levelof more than $1,000,000,000. There have been many technicalworkers in this field both in Englandand in this country. They have en-joyed full interchange
![. Bell telephone magazine . neer, and assistant chief 1 engineer. He became chief engineer in i 1943. He is the author of more than a 1 score of published scientific and engineering ] papers, is a past president of the A.I.E.E., ; and is a fellow of a number of engineering ] ;art are the scientists and engi- jneers of Bell 1 elephone Laboratories play-ing in this global war? 1he Army andthe Navy know the answers to that ques-tion, but the public has had little oppor-tunity to know or learn about the Labora-tories activities. Oliver E. Buckley,president of the l^aboratories, can talkabout Labor Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2CNCMKN/bell-telephone-magazine-neer-and-assistant-chief-1-engineer-he-became-chief-engineer-in-i-1943-he-is-the-author-of-more-than-a-1-score-of-published-scientific-and-engineering-papers-is-a-past-president-of-the-aiee-and-is-a-fellow-of-a-number-of-engineering-art-are-the-scientists-and-engi-jneers-of-bell-1-elephone-laboratories-play-ing-in-this-global-war-1he-army-andthe-navy-know-the-answers-to-that-ques-tion-but-the-public-has-had-little-oppor-tunity-to-know-or-learn-about-the-labora-tories-activities-oliver-e-buckleypresident-of-the-laboratories-can-talkabout-labor-2CNCMKN.jpg ". Bell telephone magazine . neer, and assistant chief 1 engineer. He became chief engineer in i 1943. He is the author of more than a 1 score of published scientific and engineering ] papers, is a past president of the A.I.E.E., ; and is a fellow of a number of engineering ] ;art are the scientists and engi- jneers of Bell 1 elephone Laboratories play-ing in this global war? 1he Army andthe Navy know the answers to that ques-tion, but the public has had little oppor-tunity to know or learn about the Labora-tories activities. Oliver E. Buckley,president of the l^aboratories, can talkabout Labor Stock Photo")
RM2CNCMKN–. Bell telephone magazine . neer, and assistant chief 1 engineer. He became chief engineer in i 1943. He is the author of more than a 1 score of published scientific and engineering ] papers, is a past president of the A.I.E.E., ; and is a fellow of a number of engineering ] ;art are the scientists and engi- jneers of Bell 1 elephone Laboratories play-ing in this global war? 1he Army andthe Navy know the answers to that ques-tion, but the public has had little oppor-tunity to know or learn about the Labora-tories activities. Oliver E. Buckley,president of the l^aboratories, can talkabout Labor
RM2CRWGA8–. Bell telephone magazine . ude inwardservice. At the same time, the mini-mum number of hours of measured-time WATS has been cut from 15 to10 per month, with the minimumcharge reduced proportionately. Ratesfor additional hours of calling havebeen reduced by five to nine per cent. Accurate synthetic speech produced Accurate synthetic speech is now be-ing produced with the aid of a com-puter-generated model of the vocaltract developed by Dr. Cecil H. Cokerof Bell Laboratories and Professor O.Fujimura of the University of Tokyo.The model, stored in a computer,IS actually a geometric description o
RM2CRXAFH–. Bell telephone magazine . ademy, 1918. U. S. Navy, 1917-23 (Lieutenant). Re-porter, Springfield Republican, 1924-1925; Newark Evening News, 1925-1927. Publicity Department, Long Lines Department, American Tele-phone and Telegraph Company, 1927-. W. C. F. FARNELL Cooper Union, B.S., 1906. Western Electric Company, ManufacturingDepartment, 1902-1908; Engineering Department, 1908-1925. Bell Tele-phone Laboratories, Inc., 1925-. In the Alanufacturing Department ofthe Western Electric Company, Mr. Farnell was in charge of Final In-spection in the New York Shop. In the Engineering Department, he h
RM2CNC952–. Bell telephone magazine . s black,it generates a voltage; when it detects white,it generates a voltage of the opposite po-larity. The experimental system can trans-mit the 16 pages of facsimile with a 100 lineper inch definition. Changes between blackand white as close together as 1/100 of aninch will be detected. Laminate ShapedBy Deep Drawing ■ A new type of light-weight, high-strength laminate and a process fordeep drawing this material into a variety ofshapes have been developed at Bell Tele-phone Laboratories. The laminate —two aluminum sheetsbonded to a solid polyethylene core—ap-pears
RM2CRXCER–. Bell telephone magazine . Mervin J. Kelly Marion R. Hessin Eugene J. McNeely Whos Who & Whats What 71. Charles J. Schaefer, Jr. John H. Page Donald S. Bridffman ences, and several honorary fraternities.He contributed the authoritative paperRadar and Bell Laboratories to thisMagazine for Winter 1945-46. Save for a couple of years absence dur-ing World War II, Marion R. Hessinhas been a member of the Long LinesPlant Department since 1928. Starting asa transmission man in Springfield, Ohio,he held posts in various cities in that Stateuntil 1946, when he transferred to NewYork as a staff supervi
RM2CNC9N2–. Bell telephone magazine . sf,*»T«^t.w«l| How a rocket flies {left): pictures taken at the rate of 4^000 per second. Right: AFastax camera in the laboratory^ about to photograph dial telephone switching equipment which moves faster than the human eye can see 1946 Bell Laboratories Role in Victory 125. A thermistor bolometer^ useful in measur-ing minute changes in temperature To USE highly technical develop-ments effectively in combat requiredthat they be handled and serviced byskilled men. Shortly after PearlHarbor, the Services directed theLaboratories to set up a school forwar training In w
RM2CNCKDH–. Bell telephone magazine . , systems engineering hasplayed a dominant part in every as-pect of Bell Laboratories work. Another feature that distinguishesthe methods of Bell Telephone Labo-ratories is its close association on onehand with the Western Electric Com-pany as manufacturers, and on theother hand with the Operating Com-panies of the Bell System. These as- IJO Bell Telephone Magazine WINTER sociations make possible intelligentengineering of equipment for eco-nomical production as well as engi-neering for reliable serv^ice as part ofan intricate system. It is readily apparent that thes
RM2CNCFAW–. Bell telephone magazine . Bell Laboratories engineer sets up simuhitedfiring course, during developmental stage ofNike, by plotting course of missile and target. The Simulator Master Control, special test equipment which enabled Bell Telephone Labora-tories engineers to fire many hundreds of simulated missiles without the expense of usingactual missiles on the range..
RM2CRTN9M–. Bell telephone magazine . ps laboratory in Paris, with therank of Major. He is a fellow of severalscientific and engineering societies, and is amember of the National Academy of Sci-ences, the American Philosophical Society,the National Inventors Council, and theResearch Board for National Security. Hisprevious contribution to this Magazinewas his stirring Bell Laboratories in theWar, in the Winter 1944-45 issue. A DECADE AGO, when the anniversary ofoverseas radio telephone service was but thetenth, William G. Thompson contributedto the Bell Telephone Quarterly anarticle called Making Neighb
RM2CRWFNJ–. Bell telephone magazine . Mervin J. Kelly Mervin J. Kelly, executive vice presidentand a director of Bell Telephone Labora-tories; and Frederick R. Lack, vice presi-dent and a director of the Western Elec-tric Company and head of its RadioDivision. Joining in 1919 the Engineering Depart- ment of Western Electric—which becameBell Laboratories in 1925—Dr. Kelly hasdevoted the years since to research in elec-tronics and to the development of manytypes of thermionic devices. He was ap-pointed director of research of Bell Tele-phone Laboratories in 1936, and in 1944he was given additional respons
RM2CNCJ1J–. Bell telephone magazine . Company,although retaining its interest in tlieNorthern Electric Company, whichserves the Bell Telephone Companyof Canada. As a measure to promote techni-cal progress in communications, theWestern Llectric engineering depart-ment at West Street was incorporated 1944^45 Western Electrics First y^ Years: A Chronology 281 in December, 1924, as the Bell Tele-phone Laboratories. Its ownershipis shared equally between the A.T.&T. Co. and Western Electric. Dr.Frank B. Jewett became its firstpresident in 1925, and was succeededin 1940 by Dr. Oliver E. Buckley.As an outgrowt
RM2CRTR4T–. Bell telephone magazine . The unveiling. Mjs. Gill>er( Grosvenor,a daughter of Alexander Graham Bell,reveals an heroic bust of her father as avoung man, executed in terra cotta byPaul Manship, as President Oliver E.Buckley of Bell Telephone Laboratoriesand President Walter S. Gifford of theA. T. & T. Company look on tion, the modern telephone as a de-scendant of his own brain child andBell Telephone Laboratories as a de-scendant of the attic laboratory ofhimself and Watson in which the tele-phone was born. From Dr. Bells original telephoneinstrument have sprung the fifty mil- Bell Telepho
RM2CNC2HA–. Bell telephone magazine . tkind of cooperation between Bell Lab-oratories, the Operating Companies, andthe Western Electric Company, the man-lufacturing and supply unit of the BelljlSystem. Bell Laboratories couldnt sit 1back and design an ideal electronic Iswitching system. It had to design one » that would operate in the environmentof the telephone network that exists to-day. It had to be a system that wouldwork along with step-by-step, crossbarand panel systems. And it had to be ableto react correctly to any signal it mightreceive from the outside world, whetherit is a dial pulse, a touch
RM2CRWF3R–. Bell telephone magazine . andequipment for production and testing,and the preparation of manufacturingspace. This interval was of greatconcern to the Services; it was notpossible for them to begin their fore quantity production started. While this was a very expensiveway to produce radar equipments, theservice proved to be of such greatvalue in its saving of time that itgrew rapidly. It became necessaryto limit pre-production by a criticalexamination of each request, in orderthat its volume might not overtaxthe Laboratories capacity and slowdown its development programs. The 1943 dollar volu
RM2CRW0RT–. Bell telephone magazine . ies in-clude all the engineering arts irhich pertain to electricalcommunication and to the composition and construciionof communication equipment, and all the sciences basicto those arts. Mathematics, ptiysics, and chemistry arefundamental to its work; biology and botany enter intoits consideration of textiles cmd timtyer products, andpfiysiology and psycliology into its l^noirledge of the actionof vocal and auditory mectutnisms. In its searcti for tlie belter ttiing and the better tray,the Laboratories must understand old materials morelliorougldy: must develop or
RM2CRWJBG–. Bell telephone magazine . o handle. The Laboratories experiments were further extended to de-termine the best kind of cement to use, the best mix and itsconsistency, and the effect of certain admixtures to insureproper plasticity over a sufficient period of time to comply withworking requirements in the field. Part of the Laboratories investigations and experiments wereconducted at their indoor laboratories in New York, and dur-ing the progress of development they also supervised certaintrial installations in the plants of operating companies. Thesefacilities, however, were inadequate to per
RM2CNC3Y6–. Bell telephone magazine . y conditions.All these conditions must be anticipatedand simulated to insure the utmost reli-ability. To do this, Sandia has developedone of the outstanding envirormnentaltesting laboratories in the country. These test facilities are located in whatis known as Technical Area III, aboutsix miles south of the main SandiaLaboratory on Sandia Base. Area III,covering three square miles, contains nu-merous test facilities designed to subjectweapons systems and their componentsto environments more severe than anythey would encounter in storage, trans-portation or delivery.
RM2CNCHC4–. Bell telephone magazine . shed telephone companiesfor installation in the Pentagon Build-ing and in the hundreds of home-frontmilitary bases and war factories.) These production statistics provideonly a partial index to this war pro-duction, because about half of it isnow the manufacture of restrictedweapons, about which no slightest de-tail may be mentioned. However, assome indication of the nature ofWesterns collaboration and that ofBell Telephone Laboratories with theGovernment, It can be told that on 286 Bell Telephone Magazine WINTER January i, 1943, there were Q2)najor zvnr projects on
RM2CNCA8N–. Bell telephone magazine . Sonar equipment developed for installationaboard ship ii8 Bell Telephone Magazine SUMMER. The relay computer used by the Army to perform complicated mathematical computa-tions. Note the problem tapes on the rack at the right into the Indicating circuits. Sonars ofLaboratories design were installedon every type of naval ship. The thoroughness and versatilityof the Laboratories sonar develop-ment work were demonstrated when,midway through the war, its scien-tists were called upon to change com-pletely the emphasis of their investi-gations. During the first part of the
RM2CRTTJ7–. Bell telephone magazine . ver sixty years, isour service of supply, with stocks of apparatus and mate-rials in Avarehouses strategically located throughout thenation. The Laboratories and the Western Electric, withtheir scientific and manufacturing experience, are cooper-ating with the Army and the Navy and the air forces, andare helpful in supplying some of their important needs andin solving some of their important problems. Our tele-phone construction and maintenance crews are fully mech-anized and can be concentrated anywhere quicldy. Aboveall, trained and experienced men and women and t
RM2CRTY9H–. Bell telephone magazine . nd insect attack; Limon, low rainfall and humidity anda much shorter growing period, conditions making decay muchless rapid; and Chester, where conditions are between the ac-celerated rate of decay at Gulfport and the slower rate atLimon. All three locations have demonstrated their practicalvalue in connection with the selection of suitable preservativesand economical methods of prolonging the life of poles. Laboratories at Hav^thorne, Kearny and Point Breeze Most of the laboratories development work on lead-coveredcable has been carried on in the plants of the West
RM2CRXET3–. Bell telephone magazine . development of the tele-phone relay goes forward: contactmaterials and shapes, elimination ofchatter, protection from dust and dirt,improved magnetic structures, betterwindings—all are being studied bythe Laboratories in the constant effortto provide more efficient and trouble-free telephone apparatus. The Telephone Receiver In Bells original telephone, thesound waves of the voice caused apiece of magnetic material to vibratein the field of an electromagnet, andthus to generate in the coil of themagnet a varying current. At the re-ceiving end of the circuit, this cu
RM2CRXCGM–. Bell telephone magazine . at we must purify the ger-manium to an even higher degreeof purity—then introduce the knownand carefully controlled impuritywhere we want it. The germaniumso prepared may very well be thepurest material in existence. Sof?ie Telephone Uses In the Laboratories many possibil-ities are now being explored. Will next. The problem was to get thegermanium into one big perfect crys-tal. Our chemists and metallurgistsdid this. In fact, theyhave found several waysto make single crys-tals. This source ofdifficulty is now wellpast—all transistors arenow made of singlecrystal ger
RM2CNCY7D–. Bell telephone magazine . ests of the twocould be made. Because so much depended on itsoutcome, quartz crystal research wasgiven emphasis and Laboratories en-gineers worked with production spe-cialists of Western Electric on theproblems involved in mass-producingthese precise little pieces of quartz.When the final designs were testedand found satisfactory on everycount, one of the most difficult prob-lems had been solved. As the job progressed, countlessrough sketches of circuits and layoutswere made. The best of these wereselected by laboratory tests and com-plicated mathematical procedures
RM2CNCE0P–. Bell telephone magazine . Left to right: anb stand-ard receiver, lip micro-phone, transmitter, !withnoise shield. With all these instrument demands,it is highly important from the manu-facturing and supply standpoints toemploy a few basic transmitter andreceiver units which can be adapted toall of the military uses. Receivers and Microphones A HEAD RECEIVER UNIT which largelyovercame extraneous noise by both itselectrical design and Its use of soft-rubber ear pads was designed bythe Laboratories and designated bythe Joint Radio Board as an ANB(Army, Navy, British) standard.The receiver unit
RM2CRWMR8–. Bell telephone magazine . Laboratories people presented evi-snce that computers are at last feasible forse by people who are not specialized injmputer technology. The digital computeras demonstrated as a realistic tool for use1 a rapidly widening range of investigations,gain with significant reductions in the ex-ertise required of the user. Until now, computers have not been fullyxploited because only computer expertsere able to control them. Even expert com-uter programmers have had difficulty inying to apply the computer to activitieseople can carry out with ease. This dilemma; rapidly dim
RM2CNCA76–. Bell telephone magazine . When mica was selected on the basis of electrical tests {above) ^ rather than of appearance^ much more was found to be usable. Right: A Western Electric workeradjusts silvered mica capacitors. It produces the loudest man-made sustained noise: the Laboratories air-raid warningsiren, shown here on its way to a roof-top installation 122 Bell Telephone Magazine SUMMER megacycles. At that frequency, thewaves behave like those of light, anda clear straight-line path is required.Waves are directed into a concen-trated beam by a parabolic reflectorand concentrated into the
RM2CRXFEY–. Bell telephone magazine . ance and at the sametime retaining the former cross-sec-tional size. Retention of size makesit possible for the plant man to usethe same braid stripper for bothnew and old wire, avoiding duplicationof installation tools. Thus, during the period from about1928 to 1938, there was evolved adrop wire which has longer life, betteradhesion, and higher abrasion resist-ance, but costs no more than the wireit replaces. The Laboratories, never-theless, at outdoor test stations locatedat San Antonio, at Miami, at Chester,New Jersey, and at the New Yorkheadquarters, continue th
RM2CRW0WT–. Bell telephone magazine . ctady. As amatter of fact, a nip-and-tuck racewas run between the engineers at theBell Telephone Laboratories in NewYork City and those in the GeneralElectric Laboratory here. I cannotrefrain from smiling as I look backupon those days. It seems to me thateach group was making such rapidprogress that they naturally felt aftereach new success that at last theymust necessarily have out-distancedtheir rival—and were a bit disturbedto discover, in due course, that theadversary was still abreast. What the Amplifier Has Done forWire Economy As I have already hinted, the ad
RM2CRWF3N–. Bell telephone magazine . CoMiAcri.Y BUILT iiito a bomb-shaped casing, this carrier-phine set reached thehighest production figure of any centimeter-wave radar. fold after the introduction of thisequipment. Two of the equipments were stand-ard for B-29S in their bombings ofthe Japanese home islands. Most ofthe damage done by the B-29 raidswas by bombs directed by these radarequipments. The Laboratories radar bombing against individual targets were equalto those of optical bombing undergood visibility. From some view-points this was a greater technical ac-complishment than that of our accur-a
RM2CRXFGG–. Bell telephone magazine . exertionrequired to convey a single wordacross the Bay was hardly less thanwould have brought a cargo of lumberor flour. In recent years, while the islandersspent the seasons oystering and crab-bing, caulking boats, or marking chan-nels, others elsewhere explored anddevised channels of a vastly differentsort. It was inevitable that one ofthese new channels, dug out of themystery of electricity by scientists indistant laboratories, should find aswift route above the boat channelsto carry this traffic of words across thewater barrier in calm or in storm. The need for
RM2CRWF1D–. Bell telephone magazine . technology is evolu-tionary and is always changing, our early interactionwith the Laboratories is a never-ending affair; infact, it is growing as it must as designs and technologybecome ever more complex. While the regional laboratories, now in nine West-ern Electric locations, have brought design and man-ufacture together under the same roof, they wereaugmented some time ago by a still closer link inthe Laboratories-Western relationship. Back in 50s, says Dr. Tanenbaum, we began 20 It takes new materials. - sometimes home-grown - new tools, new skills to make today
RM2CRWXT1–. Bell telephone magazine . 36. (1) Dr. Henry Pollack, chaiMathematics Division, Bell Laboratories, usesBell Laboratories-developed telewriting deviceduring Tele-Lecture on ContemporaryMathematics to augment words with visi-ble equations on remote blackboardsfor 500 students in ten colleges (2).(Left) High school students in Altoona,Pa., (3) concentrating in mathematics,science and social sciences, learn touse the computer as an academic tool.Over 1,000 students have access to re-motely located computer (4) viateletypewriter links from classrooms. 37 CommunicationsFor Education
RM2CNCDCB–. Bell telephone magazine . cuit was needed to set off the rocketsin succession under control of a se-lecting mechanism connected to thetruck, by a long cable. The problemwas to obtain a timed selecting ar-rangement that would discharge therockets in as rapid succession as pos-sible without having them collide inthe air or having the blast from onerocket affect the trajectory of thesucceeding one. The Laboratories designed a fire-control arrangement around a dialtelephone selector with an associatedrelay timing circuit that enabled therockets to be discharged in successionas required. Within a
RM2CRWWFT–. Bell telephone magazine . k, presidentand a member of the board of direc-tors of Bellcomm, Inc., since its foundingin 1962, is eminently qualified to writeof the new companys purposes and ac-tivities (page 44). After receiving the Ph.D. in physicsfrom Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy in 1946, Dr. Hornbeck joined BellTelephone Laboratories in 1946 as a re-search physicist in the Physical Elec-tronics Department. He later headeddepartments specializing in Semiconduc-tor Physics and SoUd State DeviceDevelopment. He was named Directorof Electron Device Development in 1955and assumed the po
RM2CRWH2C–. Bell telephone magazine . me outlying points the linesare terminated in key equipment, spe-cially developed for the job by theBell Telephone Laboratories, whichpermits quick selection of any one ofseveral lines for either calling or an-swering. Signaling from the outlyingpoints to the traffic control center isprovided by means of push buttonswhich operate buzzers and signallights before the traffic attendants atthe control center. A Wartime Emergency Three traffic control centers hadbeen established by July, 1936. ByJune, 1941, a few hundred miles of Tg6 Bell Telephone Magazine AUTUMN interp
RM2CRWXRB–. Bell telephone magazine . (1) Dr. Henry Pollack, chaiMathematics Division, Bell Laboratories, usesBell Laboratories-developed telewriting deviceduring Tele-Lecture on ContemporaryMathematics to augment words with visi-ble equations on remote blackboardsfor 500 students in ten colleges (2).(Left) High school students in Altoona,Pa., (3) concentrating in mathematics,science and social sciences, learn touse the computer as an academic tool.Over 1,000 students have access to re-motely located computer (4) viateletypewriter links from classrooms. 37 CommunicationsFor Education. A three-channel cl
RM2CRX24W–. Bell telephone magazine . 4 Fig. 12. A bull-dozer eased offthe sharp drop ofthe ditch banks inpreparation for asquare crossing ofthis road. Roadsurface and shoul-ders and ditch banksare always restoredto their original con-dition. Plowing Cables into the Ground I phone Laboratories may be used (Fig-ure 8). This device, which is pri-marily for locating cables, can be usedalso in exploring for buried pipes. Itis so accurate that an undergroundcable can be located within less thanan inch both laterally and in depth be-low the surface. Through use of the information ac-cumulated by the methods d
RM2CNJ4HC–. Bell telephone magazine . One result of Bell System teamwork—Laboratories development and Western Electricproduction, in this instance—is a new and highly effective fire control system for anti-aircraft artillery for the Armed Forces for such a project. Twenty-nine days and Potomac Telephone Company after the first notification, the dialP.B.X. was in service, and the restof the job was ready in the next twodays. In Washington, the Chesapeake and Western Electric added 1,000lines of dial P.B.X. equipment tothe Pentagon board in less than one-third of the time normally requiredfor such a proje
RM2CNCBXF–. Bell telephone magazine . The future becomes present: PICTUREPHONE service is now here on a commercial basisbetween New York, Chicat^o and Washint^ton, D. C. On the inaugural day of the service.June 24, the first call was made from the National Geographic Society Building inWashington, D. C, by Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson to Dr. Elizabeth A. Wood, a scientist atBell Telephone Laboratories and former president of the American CrystallographicAssociation, in New Yorks Grand Central Terminal. Above, one of the more striking benefitsof the new service was demonstrated on opening day when Laura Rabino
RM2CRWF4A–. Bell telephone magazine . LEFT BEARING right DATA FROM RADARUSED TO AIM GUNS. How RADAR helps control the fire of a ships guns: the scope picture accuratelypresents the range and bearing of the target (large spot) and of shell splashes (three small spots) 238 Bell Telephone Magazine WINTER Laboratories, into equipments in ser-vice by Western Electrics field engi-neers and Navy personnel. Therewere in the fleet on V-J Day largenumbers of modernized Mark 3s and4s, and the Mark 8, which had under-gone many modernizations, was stilla most valuable element in radar di-rection of large guns. Radar
RMRHWM51–. The Bell System technical journal. Telecommunication; Electric engineering; Communication; Electronics; Science; Technology. AIRWAYS COMMUNICATION SERVICE 805 three telephone channels above and three below the calling wave, or a total of six channels. Assuming that a beacon requires a channel width of but 300 cycles, there are altogether for marine and airport use one hundred beacon channels in the band 285-315 kcs.. Fig. 3. Cabin Laboratories of the Monoplane. The band reserved for beacons is already partly occupied by marine beacons, and near the coast difficulty may arise in finding clear
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