US6088470A - Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images Download PDFInfo
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- US6088470A US6088470A US09/013,758 US1375898A US6088470A US 6088470 A US6088470 A US 6088470A US 1375898 A US1375898 A US 1375898A US 6088470 A US6088470 A US 6088470A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
- G06T5/50—Image enhancement or restoration by the use of more than one image, e.g. averaging, subtraction
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
- A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions
- A61B3/14—Arrangements specially adapted for eye photography
- A61B3/15—Arrangements specially adapted for eye photography with means for aligning, spacing or blocking spurious reflection ; with means for relaxing
- A61B3/156—Arrangements specially adapted for eye photography with means for aligning, spacing or blocking spurious reflection ; with means for relaxing for blocking
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
- G06F21/70—Protecting specific internal or peripheral components, in which the protection of a component leads to protection of the entire computer
- G06F21/82—Protecting input, output or interconnection devices
- G06F21/83—Protecting input, output or interconnection devices input devices, e.g. keyboards, mice or controllers thereof
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V10/00—Arrangements for image or video recognition or understanding
- G06V10/10—Image acquisition
- G06V10/12—Details of acquisition arrangements; Constructional details thereof
- G06V10/14—Optical characteristics of the device performing the acquisition or on the illumination arrangements
- G06V10/141—Control of illumination
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
- G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
- G06V40/18—Eye characteristics, e.g. of the iris
- G06V40/193—Preprocessing; Feature extraction
Definitions
- the invention relates to the removal of bright spots or shadows from images created by a camera where the bright spots and shadows result from the type and location of illuminators.
- Camera images are used in a variety of locations to identify a subject whose picture has been taken. These situations range from the identification of people for security or surveillance to the identification of products and product defects in automated manufacturing lines. Bright spots often occur if a person is wearing glasses or reflective clothing and if a product has a highly reflective surface or is contained in a glass or clear plastic package. The presence of a bright spot in an image may make it impossible to identify the person, product or product defect from the image. Hence, there is a need for a method and apparatus for eliminating bright spots from images.
- biometrics for recognizing or identifying an individual from personal biological characteristics. Some of these methods involve imaging of the face or eye and analyzing the facial features, retinal vascular patterns of the eye, or patterns in the iris of the eye. In recent years there has been a demand for more reliable systems to rapidly identify individuals, particularly those persons who desire access to a secured area or system. A common example of such a secured system are automated teller machines which allow authorized users to conduct banking transactions. Many of these systems are used by a wide variety of people. Very often these people demand quick as well as accurate identification.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,512 to Chmielewski et al. discloses a compact system for rapidly obtaining images of the eye of a user of an automated teller machine. These images are then used to identify the user based upon patterns in the user's iris.
- Reflections may come from the system's own illumination.
- the irradiance (illuminance for visible light) at the camera lens from the specular reflection of an illuminator from eyeglasses is on the order of 1000 times greater than the irradiance at the camera of the image of the eye caused by diffuse reflection of the illuminator.
- a camera viewing the eye must have a combination of lens, aperture, and exposure time that will result in a sufficiently bright image of the eye.
- the much brighter specular reflection of the illuminator will saturate the picture elements (pixels) of the camera's image sensor that cover the area of the specular reflection, and all information about the portion of an eye image obscured by this reflection will be lost.
- specular reflection of illumination on eyeglasses depends on the geometric arrangement of illumination with respect to the eyeglasses and an imaging camera, one could use multiple light sources with relatively wide spacing from one another, and turn off one or more of the light sources which cause specular reflections on the eyeglasses that obscure the camera's view of the iris. Yet, these techniques will not eliminate all specularities in images of all subjects using a system because the subjects change while for practical reasons the positions of the lighting and camera must remain fixed or can be varied very little. Nevertheless, the same physical arrangement of camera and illuminators may be used as a platform for a method of image fusion for removing the negative effects of these specular reflections.
- image fusion involves three steps: (1) acquiring two or more images of the same scene such that good data for each point in the scene may be obtained from one of the images, (2) a method to detect good data at each point, and (3) a method to merge the data from the images into a single image.
- Two or more images of the same scene may be created by using different sources and angles of illumination for each image, and one approach for finding good data and fusing it into a single image is multi-resolution image processing, also called pyramid processing.
- a variation of our method can be used to remove shadows or remove both dark spots and bright spots.
- the images produced by our method and apparatus can be used to identify the subject present in the image using even the most demanding subject identifying methods.
- our images are used to identify individuals using the face or eye images.
- Our method and apparatus are particularly useful for creating images that are used to identify a person from that person's iris.
- the images are taken or modified so that we can pair pixels one from each image such that both pixels in the pair correspond to a single point on the subject in the image.
- To create an image free of specular reflections we select the pixel from each pair having the lower gray scale value. Shadows can be removed by selecting the pixel having the higher gray scale value only if that value is below a threshold.
- the same technique can be used with three or more images by creating sets of pixels, one from each image and selecting the minimum value pixel or the maximum value pixel from each set.
- Our method and apparatus have particular applicability to images created by video cameras and which contain a set of raster lines. For such images we can choose only the even raster lines as our first image and only the odd raster lines of the same image as our second image. These images contain half as much data as the complete image and thus can be processed faster. Our image fusion methods can be combined with image subtraction to remove ambient lighting and can also be used with other imaging processing techniques.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing two light sources are used to illuminate an eye behind an eyeglass lens for imaging by a camera that is synchronized to the two light sources.
- FIG. 2 is a view of an eye as seen by an imaging camera through an eyeglass lens with the view of the iris partially obscured by specular reflection of illuminating light sources.
- FIG. 3 shows a left-illuminated eye image, a right-illuminated image of the same eye, and a third image formed by fusion of the other two images.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram of illustrating a first present preferred embodiment of our method for fusing two images.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram of an off center image.
- FIG. 6 is a series of images created in a Laplacian pyramid.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a second present preferred method of removing bright spots by the fusion of two images using Laplacian pyramids.
- FIG. 8 shows a right-illuminated facial image of a mannequin, a left-illuminated facial image of the same mannequin, and a third image formed by fusion of the other two images using Laplacian pyramids.
- our method and apparatus can be used for images of any subject, they are particularly useful for obtaining images of the eye of a person wearing eyeglasses.
- the eye 1 of a subject with eyeglass lens 3 is looking into a camera 11.
- the eye is illuminated by a first light source 2 and a second light source 4.
- the emission patterns of the light sources 2 and 4 are such that either of them generates illumination that is fairly even across the front surface of the eye 1 with sufficient intensity for the camera 11 to record a good image of the eye 1.
- the light sources 2 and 4 are pulsed or flashed in synchronization with the exposure times of the camera 11. This can be done using a strobing device 12 and an illumination controller 14 connected to the strobing device 12 and the camera 11. Both the intensity and duration of these pulses are controlled to get the correct exposure of the images of the eye 1.
- At least one light path 7 from a light source 2 to the camera 11 produces a specular reflection from a first surface (front or back) of the eyeglass lens 3 and thus generates a virtual image 21 of the light source 2 that is visible to the camera 11 as seen in the camera's view illustrated in FIG. 2.
- at least one light path 5 from a light source 4 to the camera 11 produces a specular reflection from the same first surface of the eyeglass lens 3 and thus generates a virtual image 23 of the light source 4 that is visible to a camera 11 as seen in the camera's view of an eye 1 illustrated in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 2 shows only one pair of virtual images 21 and 23 caused by a first surface of an eyeglass lens 3, the second surface of the lens will normally cause another pair of virtual images.
- Both virtual image 21 and virtual image 23 may obscure portions of the iris of eye 1 in the view of the camera 11. Therefore, the controller 14 will turn off the first light source 2 which causes the virtual image 21, while continuing to activate the second light source 4, during exposure of a first image as shown on the left of FIG. 3. Immediately thereafter, the controller 14 will turn off the second light source 4 which causes the virtual image 23, while continuing to activate the first light source 2, during exposure of a second image as shown in the middle of FIG. 3. From these two images we form the composite image shown in the right portion of FIG. 3 using an image processor 16. That composite image is formed from the first image and the second image by choosing a pixel from corresponding locations in the first and second images at each pixel location based upon gray scale values of the pixels. This can be more easily understood by referring to FIGS. 4 and 5.
- An image is comprised of a matrix of pixels each having a gray scale value. Depending upon the size of an image there may be hundreds or even thousands of pixels arranged in an array. Each pixel has a unique x,y coordinate position. Therefore, if there are two images of the same subject there will be one pixel in each image that corresponds to a single point on the subject. If the two images were taken under different lighting conditions the gray scale value of the pixel in the first image that corresponds to a selected point on the subject may be different from the gray scale value of the pixel in the second image that corresponds to the same point. In FIG. 4 there are three images formed from thirty six pixels arranged in a six by six array.
- the images that are used and created will be substantially larger than the six by six images presented here to illustrate our concept. Indeed, we prefer to use a camera that produces an image which is 640 pixels by 480 pixels. Image 1 and Image 2 were taken under different lighting conditions which created a bright spot in each image. The bright spot is represented by the open circles. The remaining circles are shaded to indicate three gray scale values represented by filled circles, circles containing several dots and circles containing only three dots. The bright spot in each image has obscured a portion of the subject. Therefore, we select a pixel from either Image 1 or Image 2 for each pixel position, or x,y coordinate position, in the six by six array to form the Final Image in FIG. 4. That Final Image presents a clear image of the subject which is the letter X.
- Image 1 and Image 2 the same pixels location in both images corresponded to the same unique point on the subject. It may happen that two images are presented where this is not true. One example of this occurrence is illustrated by FIG. 5. That image shows much of the same content as Image 1 in FIG. 4. Should one image be off center relative to the other image, it is necessary to preprocess one or both images so that a proper pairing can be made. There are several techniques that are well known to those skilled in the art which will accomplish this preprocessing. In the discussion that follows we assume that there has been minimal movement of the subject during the time from capture of the first image to capture of the second image, or that some preprocessing has occurred, to ensure that each physical point on the subject appears at the same (x,y) position in both images.
- Normal video images are made up of lines of pixels called raster lines. These raster lines can be consecutively numbered and grouped into two fields. One field contains the odd raster lines and the second field contains the even raster lines. If a first illuminator and a second illuminator are alternately illuminated at the same frame rate as the video camera, then one field for a single image will have been created with the first illuminator activated and the other field for that image will have been created with the second illuminator activated. Consequently, if video images are available we can select the even field as our first image and the odd field as our second image or vice versa. If this is done we assume that adjacent pairs of pixels in the video image, one pixels from an odd raster line and the other pixel from an even raster line, correspond to a single unique point on the subject.
- MIN is the minimum function that selects the least of its two parameters.
- our method also overcomes any blooming that may occur.
- the irradiance (illuminance for visible light) at the camera lens from the specular reflection of an illuminator from eyeglasses is on the order of 1000 times greater than the irradiance at the camera of the image of the eye caused by diffuse reflection of the illuminator.
- a camera viewing the eye must have a combination of lens, aperture, and exposure time that will result in a sufficiently bright image of the eye.
- the much brighter specular reflection of the illuminator will saturate the picture elements (pixels) of the camera's image sensor that cover the area of the specular reflection, and all information about the portion of an eye image obscured by this reflection will be lost.
- the values of pixels surrounding the area of the specular reflection may be corrupted by the saturated pixels in a phenomenon called "blooming". This occurs because the pixels of charge-coupled devices (CCD's), the most common electronic imagers, are not well isolated from one another. As long as the two light sources 2 and 4 are sufficiently separated so that the virtual image 23 and its associated blooming does not overlap virtual image 21 and its associated blooming, every portion of the subject is clearly visible in at least one of the first image or the second image. Hence, in one or both of the left image and center image of FIG. 3 every portion of a person's iris can be clearly seen. Therefore, the rightmost composite image of FIG. 3 contains a good view of the entire iris.
- CCD's charge-coupled devices
- the light sources 2 and 4 may be implemented with one or more high-power light-emitting diodes (such as the OD-669 IR LED array manufactured by Opto-Diode Corporation), a laser diode fed through an optical fiber, a laser fitted with a diverging lens, an incandescent lamp, or any other source that produces sufficient power with appropriate emission pattern in the appropriate spectral band.
- the light sources may produce visible light or non-visible light such as infrared.
- FIG. 1 shows two light sources 2 and 4 arranged horizontally
- two or more light sources may be arranged horizontally, vertically, radially, or in any other geometry so long as the spacing of the light sources is sufficient for the virtual images of the sources reflected from an eyeglass lens in the camera's view of an eye to be separated far enough so that the illumination controller can use one or more of the sources to sufficiently illuminate each portion of the iris without an obscuring specular reflection or blooming in at least one of the multiple images to be used to form the composite output image.
- a second preferred embodiment of our method may use any of the arrangements of the first embodiment such as the one shown in FIG. 1, but the image processing uses Laplacian pyramid computations of both the first and second input images. This variation is preferred when trying to find the eyes in a wider view of a subject's face.
- the calculation of a Laplacian pyramid of a sample image is illustrated in FIG. 6.
- the process begins with an original image which could be either the left or center image in FIG. 8.
- the original image in FIG. 6 is the middle image of FIG. 8.
- the original image is called the Level 0 Gaussian image.
- the column of images on the left is the Gaussian pyramid of the original image which is composed of successively lower spatial frequency approximations of the original image. From top to bottom, these levels are identified as Level 0, Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3. It should be understood that additional levels may also be created.
- the column of images on the right is the Laplacian pyramid of the original image which is composed of images representing the differences between successive levels of the Gaussian pyramid. From top to bottom, these are similarly called the Level 0, Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 Laplacian images.
- the Laplacian image at Level 0 is the Level 0 Gaussian image minus the Level 1 Gaussian image.
- the Level 3 Laplacian image is the Level 3 Gaussian image minus the Level 4 Gaussian image which is not shown in FIG. 6. In effect, these are successively lower spatial frequency passband components of the original image.
- the original image may be recovered from the Laplacian pyramid and the highest level (lowest frequency approximation) of the Gaussian pyramid by reversing the difference operations to perform an inverse Laplacian transform.
- the mathematical details of this pyramid processing are given in "A VLSI Pyramid Chip for Multi-resolution Image Analysis” by Van der Wal and Burt (International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 8 No. 3, 1992, pp 177-189) where the required calculation of the Laplacian pyramid is called the RE (for reduce-expand) Laplacian.
- the second preferred embodiment proceeds according to the flowchart shown in FIG. 7.
- the system captures a right-illuminated image of a subject's face (step 32) as shown in the leftmost image of FIG. 8.
- the system captures a left-illuminated image of a subject's face (step 34) as shown in the middle image of FIG. 8.
- the system computes five-level Laplacian pyramids for both of these images in step 36. Only four levels of Laplacian images for the middle image of FIG. 8 are shown in FIG. 6.
- step 42 we take the composite images formed at each level in steps 38 and 40 to be a third Laplacian pyramid. On this third pyramid, we perform an inverse Laplacian transform to get a filtered image as illustrated in the rightmost image of FIG. 8. The process is now complete (step 44).
- step 40 it is easy to see in FIG. 8 that the specular reflections of illumination on the eyeglasses that are visible in the two input images (left and middle) have been removed in the filtered output image (right). This is achieved in the calculations of step 40, which are very similar to the simple calculations of the first preferred embodiment.
- step 38 it may also be seen in FIG. 8 that the dark shadows on the edge of the face that is away from the illuminating light source in each of the input images (left and middle) have been removed in the filtered output image (right). This is achieved in the calculations of step 38, which are different than the simple calculations of the first preferred embodiment.
- the overall effect of this second preferred embodiment is to remove small bright spots, usually caused by specular reflections, without including larger dark regions that may occur in one or more of the input views.
- more than two input images may be used.
- the Laplacian pyramids of the input images may have any number of levels appropriate to the resolution of the input images.
- the first embodiment of our method shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 is an inverse Laplacian transform of a degenerate Laplacian pyramid consisting of a single base Gaussian image.
- the grouping of the higher level composite images for maximum selection and the lower level composite images for minimum selection may be adjusted to filter out larger or smaller bright spots by including more or fewer levels in the lower level group for minimum selection.
- the roles of the maximum and minimum functions may be reversed to filter out smaller dark spots without including larger bright regions that may occur in one or more of the input images.
- this embodiment we capture one image with only the first illuminator on, a second image with only the second illuminator on and a third image with both illuminators off.
- Image 1 by subtraction the third image from the first image
- Image 2 by subtracting the third image from the second image.
- This subtraction has the effect of removing ambient illumination.
- both fields have the second illuminator on.
- Field two from the first image (both illuminators off) is subtracted from either of the fields of the second image to form Image 2.
- Image 2 Field two from the first image (both illuminators off) is subtracted from either of the fields of the second image to form Image 2.
- the resulting images after subtraction are 640 pixels by 240 pixels or half size.
- this invention as used for imaging eyes or faces.
- this method and apparatus could be used to obtain images of products packaged in light transmissive packaging such as glass jars or blister packages. Such images could be used for quality control or product identification purposes.
- the light transmissive structure is not limited to clear materials. That structure may allow passage of limited wavelengths of light which could be visible or invisible to the human eye.
- a common example of such a structure are the plastics used in sunglasses.
Abstract
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US09/013,758 US6088470A (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1998-01-27 | Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images |
PCT/US1999/001541 WO1999038121A1 (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1999-01-26 | Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images |
KR1020007008222A KR20010040433A (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1999-01-26 | Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images |
AU23411/99A AU2341199A (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1999-01-26 | Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images |
EP99903372A EP1050019A1 (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1999-01-26 | Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images |
JP2000528952A JP2002501265A (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1999-01-26 | Method and apparatus for removing bright or dark spots by fusing multiple images |
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US09/013,758 US6088470A (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1998-01-27 | Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images |
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US09/013,758 Expired - Fee Related US6088470A (en) | 1998-01-27 | 1998-01-27 | Method and apparatus for removal of bright or dark spots by the fusion of multiple images |
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Also Published As
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WO1999038121A1 (en) | 1999-07-29 |
EP1050019A1 (en) | 2000-11-08 |
AU2341199A (en) | 1999-08-09 |
KR20010040433A (en) | 2001-05-15 |
JP2002501265A (en) | 2002-01-15 |
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